3D打印

3D打印,亦称增材制造,指通过增材方式逐层连续打印材料,从数字模型制造三维物体的过程。首先,用计算机辅助设计(CAD)渲染物体的虚拟3D模型。其次,将模型“切成”一系列水平层,将设计转换为3D打印机可读取的STL(标准曲面细分语言)文件。再将数据传输至打印机,定义打印机设置。一次打印一层,每一层都在前一层之上,并与之结合,最终制成物体。
由于能够从多种材料中打印出非常复杂的形状和结构,精度高、重复性好,3D打印在航空航天、汽车、建筑、时尚、食品、珠宝、制造和医疗等领域得到广泛的应用。许多技术可以将熔融状态、液态或粉末状态的材料3D打印出具有不同机械、热学和化学性质的物体。
推荐类别
光聚合
光聚合指运用光聚合原理处理和固化液态聚合物树脂。立体光刻(SL)是运用这种原理开发并商业化的第一个3D打印类型。SL打印机利用位于X-Y轴上的镜面引导激光束穿过树脂槽,形成物体的横截面。数字光处理(DLP)技术使用带LCD屏幕或UV光源的投影仪闪光,创建每一层。这种基于树脂的3D打印速度很快,因为一次可以处理一整层。掩模立体光刻(MLA)使用LED阵列,通过液晶显示器(LCD)光掩模发出紫外线。
熔融沉积成型(FDM)
熔融沉积成型(FDM),亦称为熔丝制造(FFF)或材料挤出,是最常见、最经济的3D打印技术。将热塑长丝(例如PLA,ABS)加热到熔点,通过喷嘴挤出至平台,熔融材料在平台上冷却并固化。这项技术用于注塑成型和现代塑料制造的即用产品。
粉末床融合
粉末床融合利用热能选择性地固化聚合物或金属粉末,制造固体塑料或金属物体。首先,将粉末加热到刚好低于其熔点的温度。接着,铺粉滚筒将非常薄的一层粉末铺在床体表面,激光通过该层将其熔化。一层处理完成后,粉末床逐渐下沉,继续处理下一层。选择性激光烧结(SLS)依次用激光烧结聚合物粉末。选择性激光熔化(SLM)指将金属粉末完全熔化而不是对其进行烧结。金属粉末床熔合的其他形式包括直接金属激光烧结(DMLS)和电子束熔化(EBM)。
喷射
材料喷射使用喷墨打印机技术,将感光聚合物或蜡的细小液滴喷到构建板上。打印时,紫外线(UV)会同时固化这些层。材料喷射(MJ)技术以快速、线性的方式沉积材料,而不是以逐点方式。因此,可以在一条直线上制造多个物体。此外,该方法允许在同一物体中使用不同材料打印。按需滴落(DOD)3D打印技术使用一组两个喷墨器同时沉积最终物体材料和可溶解的支撑材料。
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